四是防止排放權(quán)交易價(jià)格大起大落。在市場(chǎng)建立初期，特別是在不允許跨期儲(chǔ)存和預(yù)支情況下，設(shè)定排放權(quán)交易價(jià)格上下限，有利于市場(chǎng)的平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行。保留部分排放權(quán)政府儲(chǔ)備，也有利于增加靈活性，在市場(chǎng)需求過(guò)高時(shí)平抑價(jià)格，防止企業(yè)在短期內(nèi)減排成本急劇上升。但排放權(quán)儲(chǔ)備應(yīng)控制在一定限度內(nèi)，給市場(chǎng)以穩(wěn)定的預(yù)期。

　　在我國(guó)，發(fā)改委等部門(mén)鼓勵(lì)有條件的地區(qū)和行業(yè)開(kāi)展碳排放權(quán)交易，但應(yīng)有大體統(tǒng)一的規(guī)則，防止市場(chǎng)價(jià)格過(guò)大波動(dòng)而影響市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行。各地企業(yè)往往擔(dān)心減排成本高而要求更多排放權(quán)，地方政府若過(guò)于隨意、過(guò)多地動(dòng)用排放權(quán)儲(chǔ)備，勢(shì)必導(dǎo)致排放權(quán)價(jià)格劇烈波動(dòng)。如果過(guò)早地開(kāi)發(fā)衍生產(chǎn)品，現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格波動(dòng)導(dǎo)致衍生品價(jià)格更大波動(dòng)，將嚴(yán)重影響市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行和減排成效。因此，排放權(quán)儲(chǔ)備的規(guī)模設(shè)定應(yīng)以較準(zhǔn)確的統(tǒng)計(jì)和測(cè)算為基礎(chǔ)，其發(fā)放應(yīng)遵循嚴(yán)格、透明的程序。

作者：（王信  袁方）

注：

[1]如英國(guó)自愿碳排放權(quán)交易機(jī)制始于2002年，但由于政府未設(shè)定最高排放目標(biāo)，企業(yè)往往與管理部門(mén)博弈最高排放限額，該交易機(jī)制并不成功（唐莉 2010）。

[2] HHI等于一個(gè)行業(yè)中各企業(yè)占行業(yè)總收入或總資產(chǎn)百分比的平方和，反映市場(chǎng)中企業(yè)規(guī)模的離散度。某產(chǎn)業(yè)內(nèi)企業(yè)數(shù)量越多，規(guī)模越接近，HHI就越接近0。

[3]截至2010年7月，北京、上海交易所CDM項(xiàng)目分別成交3個(gè)和26個(gè)，成交量分別為41萬(wàn)和120萬(wàn)噸；北京、上海、天津交易所自愿減排項(xiàng)目分別成交4個(gè)、35個(gè)和2個(gè)，交易量分別為34萬(wàn)、27萬(wàn)和7萬(wàn)噸（蔣兆理 2010）。

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